The Customs of Marriage and the Rights of Women in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream

It is hard to imagine in today's world that there could be or ever have been restrictions on the choice of one's spouse or the bonds of marriage. Yet history shows that only recently has the freedom to choose one's spouse become a reality, more so for women than for men. Women's rights, especially when it came to choosing a mate, were minimal. Marriages for women tended to be arranged, pre-paid, or not allowed before, during, and after the 16th century. One might wonder what rights did women have concerning marriage and how can they be seen in the play, A Midsummer Night's Dream, by William Shakespeare. According to â€Å"The Law's Resolutions of Women's Rights,† published in 1632, women were taught from birth that they were inferior to men. It was a common belief at the time that women were the â€Å"authors of original sin who lured men away from God and salvation† (Tudor Women, 2). Young women, from birth had few rights whether born into privilege or not. The women born into nobility or the upper classes such as Hermia, Helena, and Hippolyta, were given the opportunity to be educated, but mostly in the ways of housewifery such as how to manage a household, needlework, music, meal preparation, and duty to their future mate. All of these qualities were considered imperative in becoming a good wife. Very few women, even those from wealthy backgrounds, were able to become scholars. Some women were taught to read and write, but the majority remained illiterate as it was not deemed a necessary part of their education as future wives. Women's rights concerning marriage were even fewer. â€Å"Husbands of upper class girls were chosen for them by their fathers or other male relatives. Very few women of noble birth chose their own partners† (Tudor Women). Marriages were almost always arranged for political reasons, whether it was to fortify alliances, for land, money, social status, or to strengthen the bonds between two families. It was also considered foolish to marry for love. In A Midsummer Night's Dream, Shakespeare presents this very problem in the story line involving Hermia and Lysander. Hermia is in love with Lysander but her father, Egeus, demands she marry Demetrius, whom he has deemed the only man worthy of his daughter's hand. Although we know that Demetrius and Lysander are both from similar wealthy backgrounds, Demetrius has Egeus's approval for reasons we are unaware. When Lysander proclaims his love for Hermia, Egeus responds heatedly by stating, Scornful Lysander! True [Demetrius] has my love; And what is mine my love shall render him, And she is mine, and all my right of her I do estate unto Demetrius (1.1 95-98). Exercising his rights as the father leaves Hermia unable to marry the man she loves. To add to this sad affair, if she does not do as her father wishes, her father will â€Å"dispose of her, / which shall be either to this gentlemen/ Or to her death† (1.1 43-45). As the law of the land and Biblical law both stated that women and children should submit and obey their parents and husbands, it would have been highly unlikely for Hermia to have married Lysander as she did in the play. This is just one of many political and societal changes Shakespeare made in his play. Weddings during the Elizabethan time were much more time consuming and extravagant than most weddings of today. First there came the betrothal. Theseus and Hippolyta are betrothed although we know through classical history that Theseus captured Hippolyta and owned her. But readers can see that he has a deep admiration for her and we can assume that their betrothal is a somewhat happy one. According to the Compendium of Common Knowledge of Elizabethan England, the betrothal is the giving of what we know as the engagement ring to be put on the right hand. The contract is then sealed by a kiss. This same ring though also becomes the wedding ring and changes to the left hand at the wedding. Also stated in the Compendium, were the rules of the betrothal period. â€Å"The intention to marry must be announced in the church three times; that is, on three consecutive Sundays or holy days, in the same parish† (Compendium, pg 1). If this announcement is not made, then the marriage is considered â€Å"clandestine, and illegal.† Hard as it is to believe, women's rights became even fewer after marriage. According to a Homily on the State of Matrimony from the Elizabethan period states that â€Å"yee wives, be ye in subjection to obey your own husbands. As for their husbands, them must they obey, and cease from commanding, and perform subjection† (pg 4). This belief is taken directly from the Bible and was considered the ultimate rule of marriages during this time. The Homily also says to, â€Å"Let women bee subject to their husbands as to the Lorde: for the husband is the head of the woman, as Christ is the head of the Church.† Shakespeare addresses this belief in an unusual and almost satirical way through Oberon and Titania. Titania is a headstrong and independent fairy Queen who defies her husband's will. Oberon in turn, plays a deviant trick on her to make her fall in love with Bottom, a mortal turned into a donkey. The trick is played because Oberon desires a little changeling boy that Titania has obtained. Another common belief during this time was â€Å"That which the wife hath is the husband's† (Laws pg 5). As it states in The Law's Resolutions of Women's Rights, For thus it is, if before marriage the woman were possessed of horses, meat, sheep, corn, wool, money, plate, and jewels, all manner of moveable substance is presently by conjunction the husband's, to sell, keep, or bequeath if he die. And though he bequeath them not, yet are they the husband's executor's and not the wife's which brought them to her husband (Law's pg 4). As we do not know whether Titania or Oberon were married when she obtained the boy, belief was still that Oberon had the rights to the little changeling boy and not Titania, whether he was given to her or not. She was not submitting to her husband's will and therefore, was punished by being tricked into loving an ass. Throughout A Midsummer Night's Dream, Shakespeare addressed numerous political and social customs of the aristocracy. Although not much changed for the rights of women during the Elizabethan period, readers today can gain a better understanding of the time through historical documents and literary works. To be unable to marry for love, to have no choice in your mate, and to be completely submissive to your husband's every whim, had to have been depressing no matter what the customs were. A great deal has changed now since then, but in all actuality it has only been a few decades since women have been allowed so much freedom in their own lives.

Media politics and intercention

Edward Bernays made important works in the field of public relation. His thoughts and views were pessimistic. It was clearly manifested in his theory that man must be controlled in order to attain democracy. He was known to be a follower of his uncle (Sigmund Freud). Freud’s ideas on man’s behavior were supported by Bernays. His works were greatly appreciated by critics. His outlooks also change traditional views on things such food and perception of women. Amusingly, he plays a vital role in the mass sales of cigarettes in the United States. Nowadays, Bernays’ theories have been applied in various political movements in gaining and achieving profit and power.   Moreover, his theories have great impact on American business because it deals mainly on acquiring profits. US administrations used Freud’s and Bernays’ political concepts to â€Å"exploit the subconscious factors that infuse fear and paranoia among the masses†¦ all in the name of democracy (Baroud, 2007).† Anti and pros are everywhere. Anti-democratic groups have made their leap to denounce democratic insights and perceptions. Anti-democratic movements were discontented about democratic advocates’ visions and objectives. Furthermore, Bernays’ influence is still gained its rewards. Without his ideas the concept of democracy, consumer citizenship and political states and all other aspects of politics were not yet unveiled up to now. Summary of The Convenience Denial A controversy on a CNN has been attached to it when a CNN’s new operators made some denial on the â€Å"liberal media† issue.   In addition to this, a former CNN executive made some defense on â€Å"War made Easy† film which seems to be the talk of the town during its release. Also Eason Jordan, CNN News chief executive made some boastful remarks about the network’s structure of professional military expertise. Eason Jordan was the executive during the extensive invasion US troops in Iraq. In line with Jordan’s comments, Inter Press released statements saying that his comment would surely â€Å"infuriate any veteran reporter who upholds the most basic and important tenet of journalistic profession: independence (Solomon, 2007).† Jordan was also criticized by his subordinate, Christina Davidson in connection to Jordan’s criticism on â€Å"War made Easy†. War made Easy is actually a film which gives the idea that â€Å"all of the cable networks were actively complicit in promoting the†Ã¢â‚¬â€the result of chronic biases rather than â€Å"journalistic laziness (Solomon, 2007).† CNN is known to be a form of â€Å"liberal media†. Jordan was accused of supporting Baghdad Government and even after the fall of Saddam Hussein. One important insight here is that â€Å"Often journalists blame government for the failure of the journalist to do independent reporting- we may be the news media, but we’re on the same side and the same page as the Pentagon (Solomon, 2007).† Reference: Baroud, Ramzy. The Art of War, Democracy and Public Relations. Retrieved September 26, 2007   Ã‚  from http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article18221.htm Solomon, Norman. The Convenience Denial. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article18203.htm               

Between a Rock And a Hard Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Between a Rock And a Hard Place - Essay Example Spillover vice is a problem in the community, with drugs and sex attracting rich white people into the area. The women consider this an insult and a hypocrisy, because rich people do not want to live in the area because of the resident blacks, although they provide the incentive for the proliferation of vice and crime in the area. Children are in particular danger, and the mothers exert extreme effort in watching their children and keeping them off the violence in the streets, and from being recruited by criminal gangs. Some have died protecting their children from armed goons. Maintaining vigilance often meant constantly staying indoors; therefore, women who find themselves in this position seldom could go to work, much less pursue a career. Their constant stress and watchfulness takes it toll on their health and the health of their children. Among those parents who had jobs, one in every four stressed that they did not have sick leaves available in order to take care of their sick children (Heymann, Earle & Egleston, 1996).

Secondhand Smoke in Asthmatic Children Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Secondhand Smoke in Asthmatic Children - Article Example Results of the study conducted by Dr. Robert McMillen and others (2003), show that 70% of US adult smokers do not prohibit or do not have smoking prohibitions at home which puts their spouses', children's and other inhabitants' health at risk. The same study confirmed that parent's cigarette consumption influence their children's exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) (McMillen, 2003). According to Randall (2006), secondhand smoke, also known as passive smoke, is the involuntary breathing of other people's smoke. In his study, he found out that more than 40% of British children live in a house with at least one person smoking. And secondhand smoke being worse than firsthand smoke, these children is even more in danger of acquiring illnesses such as asthma. Asthma is said to be the most common chronic illness in children (Hansen, 2002). And because studies show that a large number of US homes do not prohibit smoking inside the house, there is a great possibility that the children acquire or inhale some of the secondhand smoke from cigarette and tobacco.

Film Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Film Report - Essay Example The murder of the two US soldiers took place in a village near Oglala, SD. In this film, many people were charged with murder but only Innate American frontrunner  Leonard Peltier  was convicted of murder. The movie is also composed of conflicting evidence, which shows that Leonard Peltier  was an innocent victim. Leonard Peltier  spent many years in prison, 16, according to the film, whereby he was always hopeful for freedom. The film is persuasive in both details and its case against pitiless national rules toward Indians. The movie is of documentary journal, an epic and historical movie that caters for special interests. It takes a run time length of ninety minutes and was released on fifth august in 1992. Thereafter, its DVD was released in 1999, on March 16. The themes dominant in this film is conspiracies, social injustice, and injustice. It also involves tones of austere, earnest, matter of fact and tension. The film is done in English language. The actors in this movie are John Trudell, who acts as a firebrand who is suspected of murdering a federal bureau of investigations agent at Oglala. This forthright, particular film suggests a thorough explanation of the ferocious proceedings that led to the assassinations of two F.B.I. agents in Oglala. The film discloses with simple and frequently parched bravura, occasionally by means of visual exemplifications of vivacious substantiation in a manner, which amnesias how the FBIs begins distress amidst broad-minded and outmoded components contained in the Indian community. They provide indication, which appears to prove to the vehement performances of the Guardians of the Oglala Nation. They contrasted with the American Indian Movements undertakings of 1990. The movie continues to the questionable murders, with evidence from Darrelle (Dino) Butler and Bob Robideau. This people were tried of murder separately from Petlier and were later acquitted. Due to the conventional confusion around what essentially

Plant research and faulty arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plant research and faulty arguments - Essay Example By mid 21st century, the population will have increased by more than three billion people and the worst truth is that majority of these people are continuously being born in countries experiencing water shortages. By the year 2020, expectations are that the population will hit twenty two billion, figures that are more than high. Ideally, there water conservation is mandatory, therefore, so that these people will not experience water shortages owing to discovery that the emerging worldwide water shortage threatening (Consolver 17). Another argument used by people who waste water is that there can never be water exhaustion, as the oceans can never dry up. This is a faulty reasoning because it there have been sayings that the world may actually run out of water before running out of oil. Moreover, of all the water on earth, only three percent is fresh water and the most of it is frozen (Consolver 16). Another faulty reason given by people who waste water is that their usage is not a waste as their usage is for basic needs. People should give water a second thought. A single toilet flush uses three gallons of water. A ten minute shower uses up fifty gallons of water. There is consumption of forty gallons of water any other time someone loads laundry. Such statistics definitely speak serious message to all. People should find ways of minimizing the amount of water used. The water used up in watering lawns is also another factor contributing to the water shortages experienced in parts of the world. People should invest in drought-tolerant crops that require less amount of water for survival (Consolver 16). The Sedum rubrotinctum is an example of drought-tolerant vegetation that gradually grows into a beautiful mat like vegetation. It survives very well with an occasional watering and it is an excellent soil holder. The plant resembles a mat of succulent herbs with fleshy club shaped leaves that are red tinged at the tip

Writing for Media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Writing for Media - Assignment Example ually might have lived a little bit nicer, because gas was so much cheaper.† His comments were mirrored by his girlfriend, Marla, who laughed when asked about savings and interest rates, saying â€Å"I haven’t made enough to put any money away for years, what do you think? If the interest rate were 0 or 10% it couldn’t make a difference to me.† Though state budgets have been viciously slashed by the recession, neither of these two people seemed to notice the difference: they made too much money to be eligible for Medicaid already, and so did not face rollbacks there, and relied on very few other modes of social support. Certainly other people who made less or who were more reliant on social welfare may have had a very different experience, but for some, it is clear that being poor meant that the recession did not take a huge bight out of standard of living. The economic situation seemed much more dire to those in the lower middle and middle classes. Younghee Jan, 62, for instance, had worked as a welder and a post office clerk respectively for 35 years before attempting planning to retire around 2010. Planning to retire to a smaller but distinctly nicer house in a nicer neighborhood than he had lived for most of his life, Mr. Jang decided to buy a house in 2006, having moved here from northern California. His divorced wife tells a similar story. They sank a great deal of their nest-egg into a down payment, negotiating what seemed then like a low fixed interest rate and feeling certain that they could make their payments based on their pensions, especially given how much of the house they had already managed to pay off in a large down payment. As the recession worsened, however, they suddenly found themselves holding the bag on an unsustainable mortgage. The low interest rate they locked in at was almost twice as high as what one could get for a home loan now, and they find themselves, like many people, with a house that could not clear the mortgage

Homework Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Homework - Research Paper Example The system also helps in management of such factors as differences in exchange rates, language, and culture and therefore promises and enhances capacity in the global set up. The organization also needs ERP system to improve its management initiatives from monitoring processes to control potentials over its processes. The system can also save the organization from efforts and resources for ordinary management of data (Monk and Wagner 2012, p. 36). ERP benefits Bag Co. by ensuring efficiency in data management. The system detects and eliminates duplication of data, a factor that ensures accuracy in data for informed decisions I data application. The organization has also attained a significant level of efficiency from the system’s application because its processes are faster, more accurate and cost effective (Hossain, Patrick, Rashid and Rashid 2002, p. 45). ERP also benefits the organization through integration of factors to the organization’s benefits for eliminated barriers (Monk and Wagner 2012, p. 36). Enterprise Resource Planning has the advantage of facilitated independence across an organization’s department because it avails information from different departments at a centralized place. This has secondary advantages of faster processes that ensure efficient service delivery to customers. The system also offers a competitive advantage over other organization through established efficiency and is an avenue to success in the global environment. The system is however expensive in terms of time and financial resources. The system is also prone information breach and may lead to information loss to competitors (Sudalaimuthu and Raj 2009, p. 364). Integrating SCM and CRM with ERP has the value of improving an organization’s competitive advantage. This is because the integration improves effectiveness of each of the systems and combines the system’s objectives that add different values to an

To what extent dose the HR Business Partner value to the Organization Essay

To what extent dose the HR Business Partner value to the Organization - Essay Example The HR business partner model is a result of Ulrich’s HRM model that views HR as a strategic partner in business and share organisational vision and goals. In the present discourse HR business partner concept has been explored in detail in order to understand the extent of value this concept adds to an organisation’s growth and development. To achieve this, theoretical base of HR business partner concept needs to be traced so that the pattern of its development provides good reason to understand the importance and value that HR business partners carry. Further, contribution that HR business partners make in various organisational functions/activities provide an understanding of their roles. Organisational functions such as strategic management and planning, performance management, human resource management, organisational design, culture and communication are various spheres where HR business partners’ influence can be felt. Issues and concerns faced by HR busine ss partners’ would further help in assessing their value add in organisation. Many examples from literature and research provide ample data and facts related to effectiveness of HR business partners as well as issues/concerns faced by HR and operations executives. Situations where HR business partners’ failed to create effective partnership are mentioned. Factors that impact HR business partnership such as relationship, communication, HR competencies, cultural influence, leadership etc have been judged in order to understand how HR business partner model can be made more effective in achieving desired organisational and HR objectives. Finally, conclusions and probable recommendations based on various aspects explored in this discourse have been outlined. Theoretical bases for HRBP concept: Human resource professionals as business partners that provided the backbone for organisational performance was first emphasized by Dave Ulrich (Boroughs, Hunter & Palmer, 2008). Ulr ich’s foundation to HR model was based on his statement, â€Å"HR should be defined not by what it does but by what it delivers – the results that enrich the organisation’s value to customers, investors, and employees† (1998; p.29). Based on this, Ulrich proposed four key roles for HR professionals, namely, strategic partner, administrative expert, employee champion, and Change agent. Through each of these roles, Ulrich reinforced the significance of HR professionals in organisational performance. In fact, a variety of roles of HR have been proposed by different management specialists. Ulrich’s model provides a concise and consolidated framework for actual contribution that HR professionals can make to the growth, development and sustenance of an organisation in a systematic and understandable fashion. As strategic partners, HR professionals are actively involved in formulating plans and making decisions that are strategically inclined to the busin ess and/or operational activities. In fact, HR business partners have specific duties in each of the four roles specified in Ulrich’s model (Hunter, 2005). As strategic partners, HR professionals are involved in framing HR strategies in line with organisational goals and objectives; specific operational objectives are also considered while framing the strategies. Critiques, which include Ulrich also, have argued that the HR roles in this model literally mean HR functions, and not limited to specific roles. However, many

Module 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Module 7 - Essay Example The merger is an investment made by Alaska since it acquires another company, Estoya. Therefore, taking Estoya as an asset, the return on investment (ROI) based on the proposed purchase price (1 billion) and the annual cash flows (500million) would be (500,000,000/ 1,000,000,000) = 50% (Braff, 2013). The merger situation involves a required rate of return by the investors and a prospective growth in the future cash flows generated by the targeted company (Estoya Inc.). The information on cash flow, growth rate and the required rate of return is to be used to determine the market value of the targeted firm. Thereafter, it will be simple to decide whether the suggested purchase price of 1 billion new sols is higher or lower than the estimated market value of the targeted firm. The targeted company’s EBIT multiple is determined by dividing the purchase price by the annual cash inflows (1,000,000,000/500,000,000) = 2. The determined multiple (2), is interpreted to mean that Alaska Corporation should pay 2 new sol per 1 new sol of the Estoya’s cash flow. As a result, Alaska corporation should pay a total of (2*500,000,000) = 1,000,000,000 new sol. Since the targeted company’s rate of return is above Alaska’s required rate of return, the merger should be se ttled at 1 billion new sols. That is, Alaska Inc. should pay 1 billion new sols for Estoya Corporation. Based on the estimated value of the targeted company, the maximum price to be paid by Alaska Inc. should be 1 billion new sol (University of Virginia, n.d.). The cash flow generated from the investment is 7 million Yuan annually. The two mentioned country risks, influences the project as follows: the 30% chance that the Chinese government will require the cash flows earned by Kansas Company at the end of one year be reinvested in China for one year before it can be remitted influences the cash flow considered for the

Interpretation of Family Life Education Essay Example for Free

Interpretation of Family Life Education Essay Family Life Education has endured multiple evolutions, definitions and criteria since its origins in contemporary family science between 1881 and 1920. Currently, Family Life Education has tightened the reigns of its purpose, created fundamental criteria and yet still leads itself to an assortment of interpretations. For the purpose of this paper, I will endeavor to give my individual definition of Family Life Education based on course readings and research, the guiding principle of FLE, a theoretical perspective that supports and, is most relevant to my definition of Family Life Education and, a personal philosophy of ‘education’. What does Family Life Education signify to me? Depending on the company you keep, this is a potentially loaded question. Within the realm of my present circle, the question does hold a realistic explanation. Family life education has been significant in the historical development of several educational enterprises (Arcus, vol. 1, 1993, p. 46); therefore, lending itself to the family life professional to select a track that best complements their own philosophies and professional preparation. The definition by the National Council on Family Relations (2006) sums up what FLE means to me, â€Å"Family life education is the educational effort to strengthen individual and family life through family perspective. The objective of family life education is to enrich and improve the quality of the individual and the family life. † As a future professional in this distinctive field, I strive to possess the many characteristics of a well-rounded practitioner, including, but not limited to, sound knowledge of the professional content and to function, when needed in a multidisciplinary approach. As the possibilities to individual and family composition are endless, the ability to draw from other disciplines is crucial. It is probable that when working with a family for instance that is struggling with an issue, the family life professional would need to utilize an approach that incorporated all of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences (1983). In addition, it is also important to note Family life educators have used educational concepts as their solitary approach to ‘multidisciplinary’ intervention (Arcus, vol. 2, 1993, pg. 28) and this approach has created concern amongst scholars and professionals alike. To become multi disciplinary, Arcus (1993) offers that through the use of knowledge from a broader range of disciplines and through greater cooperation among the contributing disciplines, true multidisciplinary approach can be attained. As indicated previously, the composition of individual or family is infinite and special attention needs to be paid to issues of diversity. Within the profession of Family Studies, there is particular emphasis on valuing differences and respecting those distinctions (Arcus, vol. 2, 1993, pg. 28) furthermore, creating effective working relationships with persons served. Lastly, to complete the puzzle of the well rounded practitioner, one must be able to utilize their own life experiences relevant to family life topics and to honestly accept those experiences as not to furnish hypocritical recommendations. To further personalize my definition of Family Life Education, I have compiled some additional ideas. It is unlikely that a professional in the field of Family Studies is wandering aimlessly without purpose or direction. Typically, they are a part of an organization that is providing services to individuals or families with a set of defined needs. Even more likely it is the responsibility of the professional to design, develop and deliver the services needed by means of effective programming. The Family Life professional becomes the program and an effective program does not rest solely on content (Brindis Davis, et al, 1998, part IV). The professional must mobilize for action by increasing awareness and generating support of a program, assess the needs and assets of the populations served and build strong foundations that will serve to protect the potential of the program and last, but surely not least, design an effective Family Life Education program. Designing a new or adapted family life education program frequently entails many planning and management issues. The development is easier when the concerns are planned for at the onset. Think about how to advocate for the program, especially in the face of controversy. Expect controversy (Brindis Davis, et al. 1998, sect. IV). Controversy or conflict is seguing to the subsequent topic, the guiding principles of Family Life Education. Intervention, the anti-conflict: Being proactive in a reactive world. ‘Intervention by way of education’, this statement, in my opinion is the guiding principle to family life education. No matter how you slice it, the opportunity to impart an intervention is endless. Intervention can have many connotations. In day to day life it is regularly defined as an unwelcomed interference. For instance, a wife introduces an intervention for her substance abusing husband, of which does not want to admit to or take responsibility for his addiction. Therefore the husband would characterize the intervention as ‘unwelcomed interference’. For the purpose of family studies, the definition takes a neutral stance to denote the ‘taking of clearly defined actions to induce change’ (Encarta English Dictionary). The change is expected to be positive, indicating harmony or affirmation. Societies evolve along different cultural, religious, historical, economic, geographical, and political paths. At any time, members of different societies view themselves and the world from distinctive perspectives. Yet global trends in communication and information dissemination, entertainment, and other economic and commercial exchanges always affect local realities, sometimes more than people living in those localities fully understand. How children, adolescents, and adults are assigned roles ultimately reflects the convergence of such societal paths and global trends. The preceding statements have the potential to be segue ways and/or roadblocks to the family professional. The professional should establish family life education at an early age, to combat the notion of reaction and to introduce the idea of prevention, lessening the likelihood of ever intervening. The introduction of a program that would counter negative or damaging societal outcomes should implement age appropriate curricula, especially when working solely with school age children, which meets the developmental needs and matches backgrounds and life experiences of all individuals involved. What are â€Å"universal† interventions? As adapted from Family Health International (2001), †¢Offer education and skill-building †¢Engage youth caretakers, including parents, extended family, or other adults such as teachers and youth workers. †¢Engage youth themselves in program design, development, implementation, and evaluation. †¢Ensure access to counseling and other services that respond to the special needs of the individual or family †¢Augment collaboration and effective referrals among existing health and other development agencies and organizations. †¢Coach program site managers, service providers, and others to improve their interactions with individuals and families †¢Have clear goals, target populations, and indicators while building in monitoring and evaluation from the beginning of a project; use such findings to improve strategies and services. The family life professional should strive to maintain balance and realistic programming and to ultimately provide information and activities that encourage skill development that is relevant and useful. Imparting a value system and norms when they are lacking or completely absent to an individual or family is an asset to the overall program, especially when follow through is a potential issue. A basic skill set is at least in place. Last but not least, ensure that your program is based on a solid theoretical model. Ability, Desire and Potential: Why MI theory is relevant to Families â€Å"Successful and unsuccessful people do not vary greatly in their abilities. They vary in their desires to reach their potential. John Maxwell During the tenure of this course, Family Study Methodologies, we have encountered many theories and how they are or have been significant to the field of Family Life Education. The theories have run the gamut from their birthplace in social theory and social therapy to a current state of post modern, contemporary status. As indicated by Lavee and Dollahite (1991), there is a weak link between theory and research in modern family science and they go further to say, from multiple points of view, it is imperative to couple theory with research methods. There are multiple approaches to theory and research in the family sciences (Sourcebook, pg. 17) and there is not one that is committed as the ‘flagship theory’ to FLE. Rather the â€Å"interplay between scholars, families and the socio-cultural context that surrounds them† (Sourcebook, pg. 18). These connections should pay special attention to the unique quality of families in society and how these families function within their environment. It is necessary to confirm what I mean by theory within the field of family life education. As defined by Gibbs ( 1972, p.5),sourcebook p 20 theory is â€Å" a set of logically interrelated statements in the form of empirical assertions about properties of infinite classes of events or things†. This definition lends itself to the notion of a conceptual framework, a theory that has not come full circle. Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligences fits this description. Although there are several intelligences define which possess a sound theoretical foundation, eight to be exact, there are additional ‘intelligences’ waiting in the wings for validation; therefore supporting the notion of the conceptual framework. Gardner’s theory is relevant to family life education, in part due to its flexible and expandable nature but mostly because the ‘family’ is a phenomenal, progressive body that needs room to evolve, just as MI theory continues to do. References Brindis, C and Davis, L et al. (1998) Designing effective family life education programs. Advocatesforyouth. org. Four sections. Retrieved April 13, 2008, from www. advocateforyouthorg/PUBLICATIONS Lavee, Y. , Dollahite, D. C. (1991) The linkage between theory and research in family science. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 361-373.

The Supernatural Events Of Macbeth Plays English Literature Essay

The Supernatural Events Of Macbeth Plays English Literature Essay Supernatural occurrings and prophecies have always been a subject of interest and an unexplained mystery that has awed the human nature ever since the man is born on earth. When the greed, lust and creed for the money, power and throne overtakes the man, he starts seeking help from the evil powers that are often unseen. He tries to get the knowledge of future to take measures appropriate enough to take the short-cut path towards his ambition. Short-cuts always involve evil and evil powers are sought to accomplish evil and horrifying tasks that no man can think to do in his complete senses intact. Shakespeare adopted the same strategy to grab the interest and attention of his viewers. And he was pretty successful in using supernatural events and prophecies as the basic element of the play. this made his play Macbeth one of the greatly remembered and recognized play of all the times. Hence, we can say that the key element that made the play and its concept worked are the witches, the apparitions, the ghosts and the visions that have occurred throughout the play time-to-time. The supernatural events in the play gave clues to the audiences to what is going to happen in the future with the Macbeth as well as Lady Macbeth. The paly holds a very deep meaning for those who have been following the evil powers and magic from centuries and have seen to meet the almost similar fate as that of the Macbeth. Now we shall be throwing the light exclusively on the play Macbeth, to know how the appearances of supernatural events, the witches and the apparitions determined and predicted the fate of Macbeth. The first supernatural event that occurred in the play was the three witches appearing in the beginning of the play, predicting the gruesome fate of Macbeth that gave the audiences an idea for what is going to happen in the end. When the battles lost and won (Act I, Scene I, l.4) said by second witch. This means that every battle will be won by one and lost by the other side. this determined the fate of Macbeth that he will go on and win the battle, but he will lose against the time in the battle of his soul and life. This was the very first supernatural event to occur in the play. This prophecy made Macbeth depend on the witches too much. He started trusting them for guiding him towards his luck or rather fate. This blind trust of Macbeth on the witches cost him his life in the end. After the audiences are given the clue of the Macbeths fate, next came the plan to gain the power and throne. Macbeth had two choices. One was to go on the correct path while the other one was much shorter and the results were expected to be revealed soon. And this path was the path of evil. the plan was to kill king Duncan without any remorse(Act I, Scene V, ll.42-57). Lady Macbeth used her powers to gather the evil spirits that guided Macbeth to kill the King Duncan. In which he succeeded. This was another supernatural event that took Macbeth a step ahead on his disastrous fate. This killing forced him to clear out the other person, who suspected Macbeth of Duncans murder, Banquo. Macbeth hired a murderer to kill Banquo. But as soon as the murderer confirmed the news of the Banquos killing, Macbeth saw the ghost of Banquo that made him create a scene in a banquet, which carved more suspicion on him(Act III, Scene VI, ll.31-120). Here the apparitions and vision of the ghost made Mac beth so bedraggled that he almost lost his senses and started to blurt out what he shouldnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t have done. This made people point at him in suspicion. Next the witches plan to make Macbeth over confident about his fate as he was heavily relying on the prophecies of the three witches (Act III, Scene V, ll.1-35). This plan of the witches was to take Macbeth towards his gruesome end. Macbeth greatly relying on the witches managed to find their cave and went there to find out what lies ahead for him in the future. this was the time of action for the witches. this is where the Macbethà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s blind trust has landed him. he is now in full control of the witches desires and evil powers and he has no power left in him to take decisions of his own. The witches making use of their evil powers started showing him apparitions. The very first one was an armed head that said: à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware of Macduff; beware thane of Fife. Dismiss me: enough. (Act VI, Scene I, ll.77-78). The first apparition tells Macbeth to beware of Macduff. Then the second apparition appears (a bloody child), and says: Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn the power of man, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth. (Act IV, Scene I, ll.85-87). This apparition informs Macbeth that no man born from a woman can harm him. Finally, the last apparition appears and is a child crowned, with a tree in his hand. The apparition is saying that he will never be defeated until Great Birnam wood shall come against him to High Duns inane Hill. Be lion melted, proud, and take no care that chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are: Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam wood to High Duns inane Hill shall co me against him. (Act VI, Scene I, ll.98-102). Now all these three apparitions were enough to make Macbeth over confident about his fate that eventually led him to his death. Death became his fate as was predicted by the witches in the very first prophecy. Thus, throughout the play it is very clearly shown by Shakespeare in the chain of prophecies and supernatural appearances that the fate of Macbeth was determined and predicted by the prophecies of witches and the supernatural appearances. The first prophecy made Macbeth have a blind trust on the evil powers rather than his own strengths and courage. Then the vision of Banquoà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ghost made him believe that just like witches, the ghost can also take his revenge that baffled him altogether in front of the whole hall. And the last key in his coffin were the apparitions in the cave that made him so over confident that he started thinking himself as immortal. And this overconfidence killed him.

Ethical Issues Of Computer Hacking

Ethical Issues Of Computer Hacking This report deals in classifying and recognising the ethical issues in the case of Kevin Mitnick and his computer hacking history, also the matter that the accusations and the way FBI prosecuted his case was correct or wrong. Each and every issue raised would be discussed further by using the three theories of consequence-Based, Duty-Based and Character-Based. Along with these explanations the general role of a computer professional will also be described in term of their knowledge and expertise leading to hacking. Hence this report will be divided mainly in two parts; the first part will focus on the highlights of ethical issues while the second would deal the computer professional part. A detail sketch of Kevin Mitnicks history of hacking is cited in the case scenario which is the part of the report described later. Firstly short introduction of ethics and its three theories are going to be discussed which will lead a way easy to understand and fair well to implement it on the Kevin Mitnick case. ETHICS: Ethics has been described in many different ways by different people over the man history including some great Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Aristotle and many more. Greeks typically defined ethics as the study of what was good for the infidel and the society. The simplest way to explain ethics is to differ and reflect a human character in the terms of good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, also responsible or irresponsible. On conclusion it will lead a human being moral character to be in good conduct. Ethics can also be referred as to what humans are supposed to do when they have to follow the prescribed standards of rights and wrongs, which normally would lead him in terms of rights, his benefits to the society he lives, his obligations and so on. Also ethics can be referred as studying of moral character of human being and developing it to an ethical standard. [1] Ethics begins when elements within a moral system conflict. [1] Ethics survives in many forms in branches, eras, traditions, literature etc. All of them follow the root hub of ethics but the form of ethics which is described and followed in this case study is called Cyberethics. Cyberethics: To understand the meaning of Cyberethics a good knowledge of Cybertechnology is essential. Modern eras devices which are used in cyberspace such as handheld devices, personal computers, mainframes, networks and the most important the internet can be termed as a part of Cybertechnology. Cybertechnology in terms refers to a broad spectrum of technologies that ranges from standalone computers to the clustered of networked computing, information and communication technologies. [2] Various definitions of Cyberethics are there which are mostly dealing with ethical issues with certain types of online activities like pornography, gambling. It can be signified as certain laws which are not monitored by the judicial or law governing bodies but for an individual himself going beyond his moral values which would be something different from cyber law. Cyberethics can be defined as the field of applied ethics that examines moral, legal and social issues in the development and use of Cybertechnology [2] Ethical Theories As this report has to follow certain type of ethical theories in order to identify the ethical issues a short description of each ethical theories are as below. Consequence-Based As by its name, consequence based theories responsible for producing the most desirable outcomes. The ultimate standards for consequence of actions against which the moral decisions evaluates is highlighted in this theory. The goodness or right identified by consequence would be something considered as Consequence-Based ethical theory which responsibly gives outcomes for someone, but who should be benefitted from this outcome? This argument has mostly been provided by different utilitarian thinkers such as Jeremy Bentham, Henry Sedgwick and John Stuart Mill. The argument provided by these thinkers follows the theory that an act of some individual or a whole social policy would be acceptable if it will provide benefits for majority of individuals which result in the effection with the given policy or from the provided act by specific individual. Jeremy Bentham states that People are driven by their interests and their fears, but their interests take precedence over their fears, and their interests are carried out in accordance with how people view the consequences that might be involved with their interests. [3] Consequence-based ethics mainly describes that whatever happens the final results should be in benefitted to large number of population rather than that of a certain minority. Moreover it should provide happiness to everyone rather than just a single individual. Duty-Based Duty based ethical theory gives perception of Deontology which is derived from the Greek word Deon means Duty. Deontology is the approach which defines goodness and right that would be achieved by studying the act of an individual or social policy rather than the consequence it leads too. Immanuel Kant is considered to be a great Deontological thinker who always criticized Utilitarian thinkers describing that morality must be defined as the duty of an individual to one another despite consequence produced normally when a certain individual performs a specific type of action. He further said that happiness is not something which should be concerned in term of morality, the motives and goals of a human being are the qualities which make him able to choose right and wrong rather than consequences. W.D Ross a deontological thinker states: Utilitarianism seems to simplify unduly our relations to our fellows. It says, in effect, that the only morally significant relation in whom my neighbours stand to me is that of being possible beneficiaries of my action. They do stand in this relation to me, and this relation is morally significant. But they may also stand to me in the relation of promise to promisor, of creditor to debtor, of wife to husband, of fellow countryman to fellow countryman, and the like; and each of these relations is the foundation of aduty'[4] So in short a Duty-Based approach gives a clear conclusion that morality of a human being would be carried out by the acts he performs able enough to justify being right or wrong. Honesty, Justice, Violence etc. should be the characteristics for which he will be regarded his moral duty rather than getting happy by telling a lie. Character-Based Character Based theory is something different which rejects the first two theories which were focusing on consequence and an act, despite this theory focuses on an individual character and is widely known as Virtue Ethics. The main concerns are the individuals moral character which does not rely on duties and consequences. It has very old history rages back to some great Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Plato who contended that each person has to obtain a right virtue as everyone will have a certain virtue in him which will be his strength and excellences leading toward good and bad moral character. Virtue ethics is also considered to be an agent oriented rather than the first two which are action oriented and rule oriented. It is only by mean of the idea of Virtue than any judgment done for a moral worth or its if its opposite possible, everything which are good and are not based on morally good disposition is simply nothing but pretence and glittering misery. [5] Background Our case study is about a person named Kevin Mitnick who is considered to be the first hacker in computer world to reach the FBI most wanted list. His arrest was taken place on 15 Feb 1995 by FBI in which he was accused of number of acts which included breaking into computer systems and networks all over the world and altering information which put damage to the company by investing more into new security measures and also for the charge of violations of his terms and conditions of his period of probation for his previous computer crimes. Mitnick was caught by the help of a Japanese computer security expert Tsutomu Shimomura whose system was hacked by Kevin Mitnick in San Diego Supercomputer centre which made him furious to track and help FBI. This was Mitnicks school days when for the first time he got fascinated with computers and start hacking. He was having strong passion of technology which made him learn quickly and he shortly managed to Hack LA public school districts computer. When Mitnick was just 17 he hacked into Pacific Bell and altered phone bills there, and in the same year he jumped into San Francisco Companys network where he got access to some information valued of $200,000. But he was caught and prosecuted which earned him a probation period of 6 months. He didnt sit idle in probation period and hacked into the telephone company again and disconnected the probation officers phone and accessed a credit service computer and altered the computerised record of the judge on his case. Interestingly police caught the fact that the system has been accessed from outside. During this time he also convicted of stealing software from a company in Santa Cruz, California. NORAD, a missiles monitoring company in states, was his next victim, which could have catastrophic effects as NORAD is a part of an early warning system and responsible for monitoring possible missile attacks directed toward United States. In 1988 he was accused of two more crimes, firstly accessing MCI network for long distance calls and secondly stealing some computer security system from a Digital Equipment Corporation causing a damage of $4 million in total. This time the judge decided to put Mitnick in jail without bail. During his bail attempts prosecutor presented evidence that he had penetrating a national security agency in Washington. He also planted a false story about a bank describing some heavy loss and where he was about to get job, the story was detected and Mitnick was accused responsible and denied for job. This was March 15 1989 when Mitnick pleaded guilty for the two crimes and sent to jail for one year with six months of psychological counselling and also with three years of probation. In 1992 FBI suspect Mitnick of hacking into Pacific Bell system again, his work place as searched, he disappeared and evidences were found later. While searches were carrying on for Pacific Bell more evidences were found that Mitnick hacked California Driver Licence records to set up a false identity for himself and also posed as a police officer to collect some information. Warrant of arrest was issued against him but each time he managed successfully to flee from police raid. Finally found and arrested in 1995 and was charged with various new crimes and violations of his parole. His bail was denied and it was ensured that no more computer equipment is handed to him in jail. His phone calls were closely monitored and in 1997 Mitnick was sentenced for 22 months after pleaded guilty. This sentence was followed by 3 years of probation period in which he was ordered to stay away from any Hi-Tech equipment. He was released in January 2000 and his probation was ended in January 2003. [6][7][8] Ethical issues: There are number of Ethical issues in the given case study, their discussion in the light of above theories. * Hacking into the networks of different companies by gaining access to unauthorized files or data. Was it ethical to access private files and data or even just breaking into a computer network? By applying the consequence based approach breaking in a computer network illegally and/or gain access to private files had benefited Mitnick only nor anybody else. Utilitarism states that the majority must gain happiness on the base of consequence but in the case of Mitnick he himself only gain happiness and not the majority, so it concluded that this act is going to be wrong for Mitnick that it is not ethical for him to gain or break into someone private computer network. The duty base approach and deontology theory would easily say this was wrong. Mitnicks act can be easily considered wrong to gain access to another computer networks. The ten commandments of ethics which was defined in 1992 states that all companies would have secure file and data and would not be breached by an unauthorized outsider. Hence this was completely wrong by Mitnick to do so. If the current study case would be judged through character based ethical approach so it would be obvious that Mitnick break into computer networks for his passion of technology and for the sake of fun. His thirst of knowledge forced him to continue in breaking into computer networks and gain more knowledge which was a great fun for him. But if considered morally this is completely wrong. By virtue ethics Mitnicks adopted path was not legitimate and he should have chosen the right path. * Kevin Mitnick never done hacking for any financial purpose instead his hacking was just for the sake of challenge or sometime taking revenge from people. Was it Ethical to hack for any reason and to take challenges and getting revenge from people? If this is to be dealt by consequence based theory , the answer would be definitely NO in this case totally because of the fact that extracting revenge from someone or going to win a challenge to prove his ability was beneficial for Mitnick only and majority of people would not be happy from this outcome. Duty based approach would state again NO as seeking revenge or damaging or doing any kind of unauthorized steps of which someone is not authorize to do. Mitnick was not supposed to do as this is not something an individual should act like. Character based or Virtue ethics justify in picking good habits of ones moral character and to leave the odd ones out to be a good human being for himself. In this case Mitnick has done good for himself by causing harm to others which isnt something good for an individual character. * Mitnick got access to his school computer network system and hacked Pacific Bell for altering phone bills. Was it ethically right for him to break into a computer of his school and Pacific Bell to alter phone bills while he was only 17 years old? Consequence ethical approach would again say NO as this is something he totally done for himself. This is something he for his own benefit for his own good and not for anybody else. The alteration in the phone bills will lead to create losses for the phone company which might turn up into large number as well. Thus this was something completely wrong to do so. Duty based ethical approach in this case would again lead to conclusion of NO as there is no actor policy which allow Mitnick to break into school system or into Phone Company to alter his phone bills. Based on the outcome his act was considered to be totally wrong. In the light of Character based approach, it leads to the fact that morally Mitnick knew that it was wrong in doing so but still he preferred to adopt his bad habit, which concludes that the outcome will be again NO. * Mitnick was in his probation period when got access to telephone company and disconnect his parole officers phone, he also altered the computer record of the judge of his case in a credit service computer. Was it ethical for Kevin to do such an act? Applying consequence based approach to this case will once again lead to NO because the result of what he done was bad for his parole officer and the judge. This is a kind of act which is considered as have done for his own satisfaction, being on probation he should have avoided such strong illegal moves but he didnt. Duty based approach would not go in favour of Mitnick in this issue. His act was definitely wrong as the judge would have very bad impact of him and as well parole office too must have been unhappy. While on probation one should be very careful about law and should not go against it but Mitnick do for his own feud. Character based ethical theory never permit someones moral character to take revenge and to hurt someone , in this case according to this law it will again go for NO. Thinking of revenge and hurting someone is considered to be very bad habit and also if an act leading to something which is not taken morally good with the assurance that law is not allowing such deeds, so a good moral character will never allow someone to go against law to hunt for his own happiness. * Mitnick found guilty in stealing software from a company in Santa Cruz California but at the same time there was not any convection record FBI database. Was it ethical to steal and alter record? Consequence based theory would not tolerate stealing or altering. Stealing is something really bad which is not allowed in any circumstances and even if assumed it does it would be something advantageous to majority, but in this case as it is obvious no beneficial for majority so the answer is NO. Duty based ethical approach strongly oppose act of stealing or altering which wont be considered good , so once again in comparisons of acts the answer is again NO. Character based believes that stealing is one of the bad habits of a human being and unauthorized alteration of records is also of the same category. Mitnick was convicted of such bad deeds so the answer will be again NO this time. * Convicted of breaking into North American Air Defence Command (NORAD) missiles defence system. Was it ethical for Mitnick to break into a defence system of a country? Judging the study case through Consequence based ethical approach, it would be a high dispute because getting access to such sensitive system could have catastrophic affects on millions of people. It would be extremely dangerous if such files to be changed or harmed. So the answer for this case will be NO The duty based ethical approach would not allow any such policy or rule for someone who want to have unauthorized access to such delicate system as the outcome can be extremely dangerous. So the answer is NO. The third approach of Character based would consider it to be worse habit of one moral character in doing so as the outcome can be something very harmful to large number of people. So its a NO. * Mitnick accessed MCI network for long distance calls and in another case he caused $4 million damage to Digital Equipment Corporation. Was it ethical to illegally access MCI and cause damage of worth $4 million to a company? The Consequence theory would say NO because again the minority gets benefit which is Mitnick and the majority faces damages which is the MCI network also the Digital Cop lost lots of money which is again the majority in damage. The Duty theory will again have no support for Mitnick as the case describes the huge losses for both the companies from what the Mitnick done with them. There is no such policy or act which can allow an individual to do so in any circumstances. So the answer is simply NO. Character based theory is again on its answer with NO and the reason for that is as stated above many times that alteration of records and damaging any private and confidential files cause harm to others which is considered a bad deed or bad habit. * In 1988 Judge denied him bail and ordered him to be held in jail. Was the judge ethical in doing so? This period lasted for eight months in solitary consignment for Mitnick. Now there is an additional act which is the Judge, Consequence based ethical theory has support with this act because Mitnick was responsible for causing harm to large majority of people but there is some conflict in the case as well, as Mitnick was put in jail for 8 months without bail and at that time it was not proved that these had been done by him, so this is a bit harsh on Mitnick, so here Mitnick get some support from Consequence theory. In duty base Judge gets support which is from the reason that Mitnick had caused harm to major companies and people but still the decision was too harh for him as he deserved at least a trail. As from Character based theory here the Judge lost his support as it was a fact that Mitnick was notorious but he deserved a trail and even if the Judge though he didnt, it was a wrong decision to put him in a solitary consignment. Mitnick would have come to good way by putting him in a normal jail as it was very harsh to put him in a solitary consignment. * While FBI was doing their most to catch Mitnick, he flee from the authorities on a number of occasions for two years by using fake identities to hide himself from the authorities. Was it ethical for him to do so? Mitnick at this point again done everything for his own good and during this period he caused damage to majority with his activities, so Consequence based theory would not support him on this issue. Using fake identities and staying on run for two years is not something good but a way to misguide law, which would not be supported by Duty based. Using fake identities by damaging other people identities to keep himself safe is something taking law in his own hands. It is not a good deed so according to Character based theory the answer will a definite NO. * Shimomura helped FBI to catch Mitnick, Was it ethically right for him to do so? All the three ethical theories Consequence, Duty and Character based would support Shimomura, as ethically he is right. It is duty of everyone to help the law to catch someone who has been causing harm to the community, and it is morally right for every individual to help to catch law breakers like Kevin Mitnick. * From 1995 till 1997 Mitnick was held in federal prison without bail and trail by FBI, was it ethically right to do so? Consequence based ethical theory in this case is going to support FBI as Mitnick was harm to many Firm companies and people but the support is going through only if Mitnick was charged after trial to stay in prison. As it has been described a number of times that law is superior than anything else, so in Mitnicks case again FBI should have run the case under law and should have allowed a fair trial to convict Mitnick, which has not been done, so this time the Duty base approach is supporting Mitnick and the answer is yes as FBI were ethically wrong in doing so. Character based would not support FBI as it is out of law to keep someone in prison for 2 years without fair trail and the chance for bail. At least he deserved fair trail and if found guilty then should have faced whatever he deserved. Role of a Professional A simple definition of a professional can be done like that, anyone who hold a degree in any particular field of education and then uses that knowledge in his relative field and making sure that professionalism follows the code of ethics including the terms Behaviour, society , confidentiality etc. At the time when a professional is hired, normally a contract or a bond is created between the two to follow certain defined acts and rules of policy and to keep high level of security by keeping the data safe and to avoid by missing any kind of data of the organization. Organization which is totally related to Information Technology or having an IT department also maintain a specified policy between its engineers and themselves. In this particular case the role of a software engineer, hardware engineer or an application engineer have to follow those rules and policies but also IEEE CODE OF ETHICS which is considered to be the main source of ethics code for any IT professional should be followed by any IT professional related to any field of Information Technology and in this case being software, application and hardware engineer. [9] Use of Knowledge for Hacking by a Professional It is quite disastrous when a computer professional use his knowledge for hacking. By taking each of different IT professionals individually and considering hardware engineer first to discuss, it is coming obvious that hard ware engineer can use his knowledge both in right way or the wrong way, as hardware devices manually build are quite useful in hacking mainly portable devices which is something like which Kevin Mitnick used for hacking. A question arises here that is it right to do so? The answer is quite simple NO because its against the code of ethics which exists in many forms of Cybertechnology. Same rules and principles applied for software engineer and application engineer as software and application level technical support is quite useful to build or modify codes of program and make its own custom made to be useful for something negative, which is not appreciated in society because of it harmful nature to many. A very technical question sometime being asked, Can all this knowledge be used in positive way? Can hacking be positive? The answer to these question is YES and is something called Ethical Hacker. Ethical Hacker vs. Hacker Hacker is someone who uses his knowledge on negative side and breaks in system, while an ethical hacker is someone who is doing hacking which is called penetration testing and hacks into different systems in order to identify security holes and then inform companies with or without solutions. Such kind of work is normally being done by security firms who is licensed to do so and has authorized to do so. An individual, who is not a part of a security firm and have no pre confirmed authorization, breaking into system would be consider a crime. Ethical hacker has the duty of catching hackers as well. In our case study Tsutomu Shirmomura is an ethical hacker who used his knowledge to catch a hacker Kevin Mitnick. Time has changed now, Kevin Mitnick is no more hacker, rather he is ethical hacker now who runs his own security company and does penetration testing for various organizations by accessing their systems, but this time the access is legal, authorized and paid. Conclusion Like many other technologies Information technology has also had good and bad impacts. Hacking is considered to be a negative act in the world of Cybertechnology. Kevin Mitnick curiosity for technology made him a Hacker, first started with a fun but then turned up quite disrupting. However if the case is studied with some realistic fact, it is seem to be very unfair when FBI holding him solitary confinement for 8 months without bail and trail. It unfair for a person like Kevin Mitnick calibre as from the case study its quite obvious that he was a genius. And for sure if a genius is treated like this way he is bound to go on run. This leads to a situation that if he is suspected in the future and he has not committed that crime, he would be afraid of facing the same thing happened with him by putting him in prison without bail and trail. In a documentary movie on the life of Kevin Mitnick Freedom Downtime Life of Kevin Mitnick the reports from psychologist stated that it was an event which every individual will want to run away and then his bad part took over him of which he evaded FBI for two years. Putting Mitnick in jail for 2 years between 1995 and 1997 with not access to bail is again something wrong. A fair trail is a right of every individual when one does something wrong then why not this applied on Mitnick. There are statements from Lawyers that even murderers get bail and trail then why Mitnick didnt? Whatever Mitnick had done he deserve to be punish for that as that were totally unethical with the time but if FBI would have used the law in sincere and fair way he wouldnt end up that way and he would have only been sentenced for the time period he deserved. One of the most interesting part of American Judiciary is that Kevin Mitnick is the longest held person in history without trial or bail which can be considered as to be totally unfair for him. Mitnick has changed his life after ending his 3 years of probation in 2003, Mitnick has started a securit y consulting company and now offering a role of ethical hacker and using penetration which test to check his client security flaws and using the code of ethics quite well. Kevin Mitnick is now using his professional skills toward his clients and himself which leads to the fact that his knowledge is now being used for positive way to secure his reputation and prove to the entire world that he is a genius.

Persuasive Speech: Solar Power -- Persuasive Speech

Specific Purpose Statement: To persuade my audience that that solar power should become the main form of alternative energy in the Unites States. Introduction: Attention Getter: Let’s look ahead fifty years and see what the world is like. Imagine a world that is in total war with no end in sight. The cause behind this war is simple, oil. Everyone is fighting over those last few reserves of oil. How can this future be prevented? The answer is solar power. Claim: Solar power has the potential to become the United States main supply of energy and replace are needs for more conventional and harmful forms of power generation. Significance: The United States must face the fact that the world is running out of oil and with today’s rising oil prices, economic and political instability in regions where the United States gets the majority of its oil, this country must begin looking into alternative means of energy to replace oil and end our dependence on foreign powers. Preview: Today I will discuss the potential that solar power has to become this country’s main supply of energy and the latest research that can make solar power more efficient and cost effective. I will also present the environmental benefits that come with using solar power over other and more harmful forms of energy. Body: I. With the world’s supply of oil running dry the Unites States must begin looking into new sources of energy, and the most promising is solar power. A. Scientists predict that in the next several decades the world will run out of oil. According to the article How Fast is the World Running out of Crude Oil by Umut Newbury accessed from the EBSCO Host database states that â€Å"world oil production o... ... must be universally adopted, and solar power is the key to unlocking that bright future. Works Cited Clayton, Mark. "The Cost of Solar Energy Will Soon Compare with the Cost of Coal." Coal (2011). Print. 18 November 2014. David, Leonard. "Proposed Satellite Would Beam Solar Power to Earth." 6 April 2012. Space.com. Website. 18 November 2014. Environmental Health & Engineering, Inc. EMISSIONS OF HAZERDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FROM COAL- FIRED POWER PLANTS. Environmental Report. Needham, 2011. Print. 18 November 2014. Hamer, Glenn. "Solar Power Can Help Fuel the Future." Energy Alternatives (2006). Print. 19 November 2014. Newbury, Umut. "How Fast is the World Running out of Crude Oil." Mother Earth News October 2004: 28. 18 November 2014. Rotman, David. "Finding a Solar Solution." Technology Review 2 (2012): 48-51. Print. 22 November 2014.

Fitness Training :: essays research papers fc

Most fitness and training facilities now have stability balls, foam rolls, balance boards and other â€Å"fun† toys as part of their conditioning equipment. These are part of a new trend in the strength and conditioning field called â€Å"functional training†. Definition Functional training is the action of training â€Å"function†, a general term that meaning â€Å"role or duty†. Functional training is the science of training the body to meet the specific demands of life and sports. It is based on 1) the principle of specificity and 2) muscle function. The principle of specificity also known as SAID (Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands) means that the body responds and adapts specifically to the type and amount of physical demands under which it is placed. In other words, you only improve what you’ve specifically trained. Since muscle form dictates the role and function of each muscle, muscle needs to be trained the way it is designed to funct ion. Origin Functional training is nothing new and comes primarily from the rehabilitation field. For many decades, therapists have been experimenting with ways of helping their patients regain function. Their goal is to retrain muscles to work properly using special exercises. In their quest to help their patients to become more functional, they have a developed functional training approach. Traditional vs. Functional Traditional strength training usually consists of trying to develop strength and build muscle through isolating specific muscle groups. This type of training could be called dysfunctional training and only develop segmental strength. Traditional strength training is adequate for building muscle but it does not train the body to meet the specific demands of life and sports. It does not reproduce real life conditions and only serves to create non-functional strength. Peter Twist, Vancouver Canucks Strength and Conditioning Coach, explains: â€Å"Typical strength traini ng attempts to develop the body through a piecemeal approach, isolating specific muscle groups. Worse yet, this is often done with the body unloaded, sitting stationary on a machine while moving one isolated body part through a controlled range of motion, usually in a strict linear, straight ahead motion†. Traditional strength training train isolated muscle function while functional training train the body to work as a unit. The central nervous system is programmed to make the body function as a unit, not to work in terms of isolated muscle function. Functional training is â€Å"functional† since it trains the body the way it has been designed to function.

Essay --

The Life of Mother Teresa India is a country of great poverty. The poor of India wanted help but no one seemed to listen to their cries. About 29.8% of the people of India live below the national poverty line in 2010. One person has changed the way people act today. Even now people still strive to do what she did. Mother Teresa is one of the people who shaped the world. Mother Teresa was brought into the the world on August 26, 1910. Mother Teresa was baptized the day after she was born which is August 27 1910. Her nickname was gonkha which means little bud or flower bud. Agnes Gonxha bojaxhiyIs was Mother Teresa’s real name. Mother Teresa was born in Skopje Macedonia. Skopje is the capital of the republic of Macedonia. Skopje is also the largest city in the republic of Macedonia. Skopje is a humid subtropical climate.In Skopje 10% of the population is Catholic Mother Teresa attended a public school as well as a private school. Later in life she attended a medical mission sisters school. Mother Teresa played mandolin as a young child and she also song with her sister in her church’s choir. Mother Teresa’s biggest hobby was to carry out the will of God. Mother Teresa grew up in a generous family and the family was extremely involved in the church. When mother Teresa was a child she would bring food and medicine to people who needed it. She saw that as a religious duty. When she was eight her father passed away and mother Teresa became close to her mother. When she was on a trip to the chapel of the Madonna of Lentince on a black mountain was when she felt her first calling from God. â€Å"I want Indian Nuns, Missionaries of charity, who would be my fire of love amongst the poor, the sick, the dying, and the little children† sh... ...st mother Teresa. They thought they weren’t sanitary and didn’t have good medical training to care for the poor people. Also people said the only reson people thought she helped people was because she was converting people to christianity. In 1989 she had a herat attack which was followed by surgery and then she was hooked up to a machine to regulate her heartbeat. After a couple years of heart lung and kidney problems she died at age 87 on september 5 1997. Mother teresa is the Saint of Gutters Mother teresa has helped so many poor,unhealthy,homeless,healthy,wealthy, people. She has helped people by curing there sickness, telling us that we can change the world, and that if we just help one person it will make a difference. This paper talked about the life of mother teresa. Mother teresa had a unforgettable life. She had a life that we all would want to have.

Alt Options for Conception

The ere is also a reoccurred called intrauterine insemination; which is basically artificial inseam nation and is used to treat infertility and help a woman reproduce. Both of these procedures shoo w enormous progress in helping couples who cannot conceive naturally to build a family, b UT most importantly to ensure that more lives are being created. â€Å"A conception conundrum emphasized the negatives of donor insemination a ND not the positives. My husband and I happily turned to donor insemination to conceive our children. Our two teenage daughters have never struggled with identity issues.Our older k knows several halfpennies, and are all bright, inquisitive, lovely kids. There are many positive outcomes to artificial donor insemination, and my family is proof of that. † (Walters 6). Naturally and normally, an egg and sperm fertilize inside a woman's body wit hoot the help of a medical procedure. When natural conception takes place, the fertilize De egg attaches to the li ning of the womb and continues to grow, and 9 months later a baby is b Ron. However if a woman has been struggling to become pregnant, she has other options. IV f or instance is a form f assisted reproductive technology.This meaning that special medical techno sues are used to help a woman become pregnant. Assisted reproductive technology is used on lye after all other less expensive and less invasive techniques have failed. According to The Human Fertilization & Embryology Authority, there are rough holy 5 steps to IV. Step 1 is usually to prescribe fertility medications to stimulate egg g production. A woman wants or desires more than one egg considering some eggs will not d evolve or fertilize after retrieval. Doctors will check hormone levels through blood tests, and do occasional transnational ultrasounds to examine the ovaries.Step 2 requires a minor surge kcal procedure, to retrieve eggs by using ultrasound imaging to guide a hollow needle through t he pelvic cavity in able t o remove the eggs. Medication is used to reduce pain or discomfort. Set p 3 is the step in which the male is asked to produce a sample of his sperm so that it can be pr prepared to be combined with the eggs. Step 4 is the process in IV called insemination, where e the sperm and eggs are combined and stored in a laboratory in attempts to be fertilized. If the ere is a lower arability of fertilization, CICS or internationalism sperm injection, may be us De.Through the procedure of CICS a single sperm is injected directly into the egg in an attempt to be fertilized. From then on out the eggs are monitored to confirm that fertilization is taking place. After this step is completed, the fertilized eggs are considered embryos. The last step in IV is where the embryos are transferred into the woman's uterus three to five days following their fertilization. A small tube ( a catheter) is inserted into the uterus to transfer the embryos. HTH s procedure is happily completely painless for wome n, although few may experience some cramping.If all of the steps of the procedure are successful, implantation usually occurs around d six to ten days following egg retrieval. Just like most medical procedures, there are possible risks. Fertility medication ins can have some side effects including mood swings, hot flashes, headaches, abdominal pains, bloating, and hot flashes. Although its rare, fertility medications may cause OCHS, (ovarian hyperventilation syndrome). Symptoms of OCHS may include feelings of being bloated or abed minimal pains. Keep in mind that these are small risks, and rarely take effect.Marie, a middle aged woman shares with the world her experience with IV a ND it's success on Corticosteroid. Org. â€Å"It's horribly commercialese, but if it wasn't w e wouldn't have it. There is a whole medical/ commercial infrastructure that seems to determine that no matter what the cause of infertility, IV is nearly always the answer. This makes sense for many patients, bu t the incentive structures for largesse provision of just one type of treatment may crowd out others. † Marie had underwent the IV process, and it was all and all success.However, IV doesn't assure women of a 100% success rate. ‘The first IV cycle showed me to be a poor responder, and after producing only two follicles, the cycle was canceled. I was crushed. I had been infertile, but now I was sterile as well. † cycle showed me to be a poor responder, and after producing only two follicles, the cycle was canceled. Was crushed.. It only takes one, they said, ye ah right, some women make 20 eggs and I couldn't understand why wasn't able to make 1 [ Sic]. † (Toucans& Montgomery 1022). IV isn't the only medical advancement we've had to help women conceive.W hen it isn't necessarily the woman's ‘fault† that she can't become impregnated, the o there cause to look at is a man's low sperm count. If a man's sperm count falls in a low range, Into routine In semination may be considered. II_J is both cheaper and less invasive than IV F, and is usually tried prior to IV. Intrauterine insemination (III) is a fertility treatment which I involves placing sperm inside a woman's uterus to facilitate fertilization. The goal of XIII is to in crease the number of sperm that reach the fallopian tubes and subsequently increase the e chance of fertilization.In other words, XIII provides the sperm an upper hand, by giving TA head start, but a sperm is still required to reach and fertilize the egg on its own; which is why if the woman is also struggling to conceive, this method isn't most effective. With both Inviter fertilization and Intrauterine Insemination, we have seen a d aromatic increase of pregnancies in women who would otherwise not be able to conceive eve. Inviter fertilization is a way of creating pregnancies, while a less expensive and invasion eve yet less effective procedure called intrauterine insemination is a way of upping a man' sp erm count.

Fashion: -a Person

Para - spurt meaner the prevailing mode in such(prenominal) things as ar subject to salmagundi in form or style, as in ornament and etiquette, and especially in dress in the dictionary. -It has spread in all the spheres of our life. -The craze for agency is dandy among young people all everywhere the world. Para -l agree with the girl on the right. -A individual should be dressed in article of clothinging apparel that outfit him or her. A soul should non lose his or her personality, deny the comfort and waste coin on these well- designed products of ones imagination.C atomic reactorhes argon coiffe on to succor one cheek presentable. -People should not happen air blindly because it might not reflect our personality. -Moreover, the fashion designers created their clothes for certain people, so it stacknot suit everyone. -Ones should choose the some comfortable habilitate on their own, because only they know what is the most suitable and convenient for them. Para - Malaysia is a country without four seasons. -Malaysias weather is constantly hot. -Thick and woolen clothes argon not suitable for our climate.We must choose our fit out properly because certain clothes are against our culture or tradition. -Some people may misunderstood and feel that we did not valuate them. -We should not wear clothes that are too sexy. Para -Certain clothes are not suitable for the ordinary person because they are special designed for celebrities. -Certain clothes go out look exaggerate on us. -Sometimes,we will even being joke by others . Para 5 Economically, fashion trends valued by high scathe.A person that follow fashion has to spend a lot of money buying in the altogether clothes as fashion changed everyday. It is nitwitted because for the same amount of one can buy a tremendous lot of clothes which are likely to help to express his personality. Hence,a person should not accept such a high price to follow the fashion. Para -As a conclusion,we sh ould wear clothes that suit oneself because it risk a lot as we will lost a lot of money and we will lose our own personality if we follow fashion blindly. Fashion -a Person By Berries

Marketing Plan: Product and Performance Essay

Executive SummaryMobility, latest trends and technologies are three most significant factors that customer seek today when they walk-in in an electronic item’s outlet. Years before the journey of technology started out from the calculator the most basic computer as we call it. Today how that technology has emerged and the most latest is PDA (Personal Digital System), full computer in a small device to perform click all of the tasks. New Nokia Mobile phone has all the features of a desktop computer, no need of a laptop.You get your product to begin with.The english major source in use during cricket matches, exercising in the morning and during traveling for work or school. 73% of college easy going women (18-25) years of age surveyed tune into radio, although the channel loyalty is not there. The most frequent listening occurs after dinner time.This is different from male portable radio listeners as the FM channels are replacing cassettes as a music source while driving, o ther survey shows that second one of the popular source of music are the FM stations, FM 89, 91 and 106.Finding the demographics of your target marketplace will permit you to good tailor the launch strategy to the folks.

180 million), 16.667% of Pakistanis are young. Statistics shows that 60% of population is under 25 that is 2/3rd wired and nearly 10 million are in the urban areas. GEN X and GEN Y is the most experienced  and accessed generation in the human history.A merchandise is a new product procured or produced by the business to meet with the requirements of the customer.Our Secondary objective is to make good profits and make few more products like this with working hand in hand with the fashion and our way would be walking extract from earrings to necklaces, bracelets and other fashion accessories.Marketing ResearchMethods of Data collection:Basically there are two methods of data collection:1) Primary Data2) Secondary DataPrimary Data Collection:Primary available Data is that data which is collected specifically for the project at hand. The primary data for our assignment resulted from the unstructured interviews that we conducted from different many friends and family members and also many strangers.Secondary Data Collection:Secondary Data is that data, which has already been collected for some other purpose but can be used as reference material.The aim is getting your product into the industry although delivery methods vary widely based on the product.

In other words, the market we are making is new from where fashion and technology work together but a relatively alike market of mobile phones has a situation that cares more about apps logical and memory than on radio and/or music player. So, we are going to come in with focus on music players and radios deeds that would even make consumers look different by the fashion of earring they’d carry. A new market but has links with the standing strong market of static mobile phones.The ProductIntroduction of product:Now days, mobility is becoming an important factor in electronic devices.A superb product isnt simple to define since itll mean things.Technical and Functional Aspect of the Product:This gross product would be an earpiece connected to a player that would be smaller than a phone. Both the devices would be connected via Bluetooth. Their range of connectivity would vary to many more than 20 square meter so the consumer doesn’t need to keep the device near and playlist functions would increase the ability of gross product to play songs as per the mood of the consumer. Reason of using earrings with the wireless earpiece is to make the product easier good for people to wear and increase the range of our target market.To start with, youre mindful of how much it costs to create your merchandise.

Issue: How to identify the potential outlets?Mission statement:â€Å"We are the followers of the latest trend we strongly believe that fashion develops, we provide the best and quality is never compromised. Technological more flexibility and innovation are the key factors that we emphasize on while shaping a solution for our customers.† Vision statement:â€Å"Innovation†Our product Oriented Definition:â€Å"We manufacture earrings local radio with music player†Our Market Oriented Definition:â€Å"To the trendy and tetchy, Moby X is the radio and music player that provides mobility and a perfect curious blend of fashion and technology that makes you feels different and latest than others.†Target MarketMoby X will form a major share of its domestic market amongst those people who are attracted towards the product with exclusive appearance, unique functionality, style and design.Describe the way your target marketplace free will get your merchandise and also how youll market your goods.The mini chip radio and music player in the earrings itself is fascinating and will communicate on its own towards the people who are engrossed through mini products.Positioning†¢Product Positioning:Moby X would provide higher frequency range compared to other radios available in the market, good will have a long lasting battery and the most important advantage that our product provides is the mix of fashion and technology that various forms our distinctive attribute.Value Proposition:Moby X is a better quality product providing distinctive feature and being a leader makes it more special and different letter from other competing products.  LAPCO using latest Japanese technologies is most reliable and durable.In the product description, you should explain what product or your service is, the particular thrust of apply your strategy and the strategies thatll be used to do your own objectives.

†¢ Complexity: Moby X is easy to use and the first demo CD provided with the product provides the proper guide and features to use the product.†¢ Divisibility: Moby X is an expensive product and initially no discounted rates can be offered.†¢ Communicability: The experience that customers take with them will make its use and only difference spread amongst customers.Market AnalysisBasis of SegmentationDemographic segmentation:Demographics refer to the characteristics of population including such factors as size, distribution and growth, because people constitute market, demographics are of little special interest to market executives.In the end, it is not mysterious and youll be able position to promote your company or to manage a person to deal with advertising for you once you understand how pieces fit together.Any one lying in the income bracket of Rs 50,000+ can afford this productPsychographic Segmentation:The psychographics of the Moby X can be analyzed by r eviewing the advertisement. The lifestyle shown in Moby X advertisements portray successful, sophisticated, professional women who are active energetic and full of life. Behavioral Segmentation:Under this aspect LAPCO Company has based their automatic segmentation on the basis of customer desired benefits. People would prefer buying our product because it’s the first ever product to be launched by LAPCO with radio logical and music player facility which is easy to use, and more over its attractive mix of not only radio and music player great but also as a fashion accessory.The plan has to be accessible to any employee at any given moment.

Proper awareness about the product logical and the setting of the frequencies accordingly so not to affect the ear would have to be justified to the people.Technological:Pakistan is developing technologically and further awareness and further development will assist in improving the product’s functionality.Competitor AssessmentCOMPETITOR ANALYSISMoby X is competing in portable media industry.Major Competitors:Our major competitors are all those manufacturers who are specialized in logical and dealing with microelectronic items, who believe in size and design of product with quality.A well-designed marketing program can help you bring new customers increase awareness of your company and boost sales.COMPETITIVE STRATEGIESDifferentiation:Moby X is an innovation in the arena of radios and all kinds of classical music players. It gives connectivity to the outside world in a way that adds value and beauty to the face.Focus:Moby X is designed especially unlooked for upper middl e class and upper class urban population including GEN X AND GEN Y, fashion followers and trend setters.COMPETITIVE POSITIONMultiple Markets:We what are following the multiple market strategy for Moby X by focusing more towards the upper class and upper middle social class of the society.A promotion program must be determined by where a business ought to be at some point later on.

Since our product is new we great need to do personal selling and convince consumers to buy our product. Then eventually as we gain a foot hold in the market we will have retailers selling our product.Marketing StrategyMARKETING MIXPRODUCT CLASSIFICATION:Moby X is broadly classified as consumer product and under this category we define it as a own specialty product because it is a perfect mix of style and technology. It involves strong brand preference and loyalty, special purchase efforts by consumers, little comparison of brands and low price sensitivity.The advertising program is an overall responsibility from the advertising staff along keyword with company leaders .It includes 3 years’ money back warranty and a pair of fabulous earrings along with the product. Customers are encouraged to fair share their views about the buying experience of the product and after sale experience through surveys conducted at the outlets. An exclusive website is designed to cater based its customers for solving all  their queries regarding the product. Online purchasing service is also available.Face it is a chore.

3 years (Limited) Warranty.Size – (1/3x 1/3 x 3/8) mm is the size of radio chip. 30 x 20 x 5 mm is the size of the earring. Weight – 1/2 oz is the low weight of the earring radio.Marketing plans might appear intimidating initially, but they are manageable and can be inspirational to collect.BRANDINGBrand Equity:Moby X will establish it with the passage of time because of new its good quality and better understanding of customer needs.Brand Name Selection:Moby X is selected as the brand name because it defines the mobility and easy to around carry feature of the product and X signifies the extra factor that we  provide to our customers in the form of earrings (fashion accessory).Brand Sponsorship:LAPCO is manufacturer’s brand.Brand Development:No extension.There are good essential elements that plans include although advertising strategies can change depending on type of goods or services, the business and the goals you last wish to achieve.

Free demo CD is also given. Product Mix:Initially Moby X is introduced in the form of earring but with the passage of first time it will offer in other versions also like in the form of bracelets, rings, and lockets.Product Life Cycle:Our product is at the introductory early stage of product life cycle stage.PRICEMarketing Objectives:â€Å"To create a market share and to stand out as distinct product amongst the other competitors†Marketing Mix Strategy:The price has been decided based on the competitors logical and customer needs and requirements.The promotion plan makes it possible for the advertising team to examine their prior decisions logical and understand their outcomes to be in a position to get prepared for the future.PRODUCT PRICING STRATEGYComparing competitor’s pricingCompetitorPriceSinclair XI Button RadioRs. 2304.93FM Mini Radios Rs.719.3500.PLACEMENTThe product would be sold through â€Å"Indirect Marketing Intermediary†. The product will be sold through push strategy that is product would be first distributed to the wholesalers and then to retailer. The retailers would assist in creating contact with the other retailers which would expand the network and add value.

Newspaper:Moby X is an expensive and new product. There is need to create awareness amongst people that such a product exists. ‘Dawn’ newspaper would be a better choice to advertise being one for the most popular newspapers in Pakistan. A full page would be dedicated to advertise the product providing  a detail know how of the features and distinctive attributes.Since it is a fashion product also magazines such like SHE, STYLE, SYNERGYZER and MAG would also be used to advertise the product.Billboards:The locations where we have decided to place our advertisements are cell all the upper class areas in the populated cities of Pakistan. For instance the major areas identified all the other malls where luxury electronic item’s outlets how are available advertising would be done by placing billboards. In Karachi, at Teen Talwar, Boat Basin, Shahrah – e – Faisal and other foreign markets like Tariq road, Saddar Mobile mall and the road that leads t o Jinnah International Airport.com that special offers all the latest songs.Sales Promotion:One free pair of earring apart from the one already provided in the package would be given with the product.Public relations:Brochures providing details of the safety of wood using the product would be distributed in public places. Articles about the working and flexibility in use would be published in a leading magazine to inform the public about the safety in using this product.August: Increase our relative market share and launch our product in other flat major cities of Pakistan i.e. Lahore, Islamabad.September: We will start an integrated internet campaign targeting young college students.